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                <text>1. A variety of different malignancies fall into the category of “Head and. Neck Cancers”. This chapter focuses on upper aerodigestive tract cancer.&#13;
2. Tobacco and alcohol use and human papillomavirus infection are&#13;
common causes of head and neck cancers. 3. Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.&#13;
4. Treatment of head and neck cancers commonly requires some combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Close cooperation between otolaryngologists, radiation oncologists, and&#13;
medical oncologists is mandatory for successful treatment of these cancers. 5. Preservation of organ function in addition to cure of cancer, is an&#13;
important goal of treatment. 6. Any patient with persistent symptoms of sore throat, hoarseness,&#13;
difficulty swallowing or an enlarged cervical lymph node should be evaluated for possible head and neck cancer. </text>
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                <text>James Liebmann, MD, Ali Akalin MD, PhD., Liana Puscas, MD, MHS., Andrew Chen MD.,  Richard S. Pieters, MD </text>
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                <text>Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare, slow-growing, cutaneous adenocarcinoma that usually originates in the anogenital area and axillae outside the mammary glands. EMPD mostly progresses slowly and is often diagnosed as carcinoma in situ; however, upon becoming invasive, it promptly and frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes, leading to subsequent distant metastasis. To date, several chemotherapy regimens have been used to treat metastatic EMPD; however, they present limited effect and patients with distant metastasis exhibit a poor prognosis. Recently, basic and translational investigative research has elucidated factors and molecular mechanisms underlying the promotion of metastasis, which can lead to targeted therapy-based emerging treatment strategies. Here, we aim to discuss current therapies and their limitations; advancements in illustrating mechanisms promoting invasion, migration, and proliferation of EMPD tumor cells; and future therapeutic approaches for metastatic EMPD that may enhance clinical outcomes.</text>
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                <text>Keitaro Fukuda,  Takeru Funakoshi</text>
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