Protein
Chemistry
Biochemistry
OMICS International
Textbooks
Biology
Science
Life. Every single living thing has something in common—do you know what that is? The clue is in the title! In this learning package you will learn all about cells—the parts and the functions of those parts. By learning about the basic building block of life, scientists, and you, can have a better understanding of the workings of your body and of all living things. You’ll understand what happens when all the parts are working well, and what can happen when a part malfunctions.
Jennifer Riddel
Caitlin Flanders
Open School BC
Anatomy
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.
openstax.org
OpenStax . Rice University
Textbook
Ecology
Applied ecology is a framework for the application of knowledge about ecosystems so that actions can be taken to create a better balance and harmony between people and nature in order to reduce human impact on other beings and their habitats.
WikiBooks
BASIC CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 3e: WHAT WE KNOW AND HOW WE FOUND OUT
CELL, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
A grasp of the logic and practice of science is essential to understand the rest of the world around us. To that end, the CMB3e iText (like earlier editions) remains focused on experimental support for what we know about cell and molecular biology, and on showing students the relationship of cell structure and function. Rather than trying to be a comprehensive reference book, CMB3e selectively details investigative questions, methods and experiments that lead to our understanding of cell biology. This focus is nowhere more obvious than in the chapter learning objectives and in external links to supplementary material.
Gerald Bergtrom
Independent
Biochemistry and Application in Medicine
Medicine & Health
Open Access eBooks
Biofundamentals
Our goal is to present the key observations and unifying concepts upon which modern biology is based; it is not a survey of all biology! Once understood, these foundational observations and concepts should enable you to approach any biological process, from disease to kindness, from a scientific perspective. To understand biological systems we need to consider them from two complementary perspectives; how they came to be (the historic, that is, evolutionary) and how their structures, traits, and behaviors are produced (the mechanistic, that is, the physicochemical).
Michael W. Klymkowsky
Melanie M. Cooper
Barbara Akre
Jean Brainard
Niamh Gray-Wilson
Douglas Wilkin
CK-12 Foundation
Biology is a science, but what exactly is science? What does the study of biology share with other scientific disciplines? We can define science (from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge”) as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method. It becomes clear from this definition that applying scientific method plays a major role in science. The scientific method is a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation. We will examine scientific method steps in detail later, but one of the most important aspects of this method is the testing of hypotheses by means of repeatable experiments. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event, which one can test. Although using the scientific method is inherent to science, it is inadequate in determining what science is. This is because it is relatively easy to apply the scientific method to disciplines 10 Chapter 1 | The Study of Life This OpenStax book is available for free at
Multiple Authors
OpenStax
Biology for AP® Courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences
JULIANNE ZEDALIS, JOHN EGGEBRECHT
Biostratigraphic And Geological Significance Of Planktonic Foraminifera
Biostratigraphic And Geological
Biostratigraphic
Geological
Foraminifera are marine, free-living, amoeboid protozoa (in Greek, proto = first and zoa = animals). They are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms the cytoplasm of which is organized into a complex structure with internal membranes and contains a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi bodies, see Fig. 1.1), and they exhibit animal-like (cf. plant-like) behaviour. Usually, they secrete an elaborate, solid carbonate skeleton (or test) that contains the bulk of the cell, but some forms accrete and cement tests made of sedimentary particles. The foraminiferal test is divided into a series of chambers, which increase in number during growth. In life, they exhibit extra-skeletal pseudopodia (temporary organic projections) and web-like filaments that can be granular, branched and fused (rhizopodia), or pencil-shaped and pointed (filopodia). The pseudopodia emerge from the cell body (see Plate 1.1 below) and enable bidirectional cytoplasmic flow that transports nutrients to the body of the cell (Baldauf, 2008). Foraminifera first appeared in the Cambrian with a benthic mode of life and, over the course of the Phanerozoic, invaded most marginal to fully marine environments. They diversified to exploit a wide variety of niches, including, from the Late Triassic or Jurassic, the planktonic realm. These planktonic forms are the focus of this book. Both living and fossil foraminifera come in a wide
Marcelle K. Boudagher-Fadel
UCL Press
The pre-analytical phase is defined as the period from the physician’s indication of the test up to the laboratory analysis of the biological material. In other words, this phase involves an individual’s preparation for collection of the biological material, the collection itself, storage of the collected sample and its transport to the laboratory, and preparation of the sample for the assay. The importance of this phase is also supported by many publications mentioning the fact that up to 46–68 % of erroneous results are caused by failure to follow or respect the pre-analytical phase rules. That is why the primary task of the laboratory is to provide clients with all necessary instructions (on patient preparation, sample collection, biological material storage and transport, pre-analytical sample treatment) so as to minimize the risk of errors that could consequently cause harm to the patient. All this information is summarized in the manuals of testing laboratories.
Vladimír Bartoš
Milan Dastych
Milan Dastych jr
Milan Jirsa
Marta Kalousová
Tomáš Karlík
Petr Kocna
Viktor Kožich
Michaela Králíková
Alena Krnáčová
Pavlína Kušnierová
Richard Pikner
Věra Ploticová
Richard Průša
Jaroslav Racek
Daniel Rajdl
Václav Senft
Vladimír Soška
Drahomíra Springer
Kristian Šafarčík
Ivan Šebesta
Radka Šigutová
Zdeněk Švagera
Eva Táborská
Libor Vítek
František Všianský
Jiří Zadina
David Zeman
Tomáš Zima
Charles University
What is Computational Biology Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license. Computational biology involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in computer science, applied mathematics, animation, statistics, biochemistry, chemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, ecology, evolution, anatomy, neuroscience, and visualization. Computational biology is different from biological computation, which is a subfield of computer science and computer engineering using bioengineering and biology to build computers, but is similar to bioinformatics, which is an interdisciplinary science using computers to store and process biological data. Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Prior to the advent of computational biology, biologists were unable to have access to large amounts of data. Researchers were able to develop analytical methods for interpreting biological information, but were unable to share them quickly among colleagues. Bioinformatics began to develop in the early 1970s. It was considered the science of analyzing informatics processes of various biological systems. At this time, research in artificial intelligence was using network models of the human brain in order to generate new algorithms. This use of biological data to develop other fields pushed biological researchers to revisit the idea of using computers to evaluate and compare large data sets. By 1982, information was being shared amongst researchers through the use of punch cards. The amount of data being shared began to grow exponentially by the end of the 1980s. This required the development of new computational methods in order to quickly analyze and interpret relevant information. Since the late 1990s, computational biology has become an important part of developing emerging technologies for the field of biology. The terms computational biology and evolutionary computation have a similar name, but are not to be confused. Unlike computational biology, evolutionary computation is not concerned with modeling and analyzing biological data. It instead creates algorithms based on the ideas of evolution across species. Sometimes referred to as genetic algorithms, the research of this field can be applied to computational biology. While evolutionary computation is not inherently a part of computational biology, Computational evolutionary biology is a subfield of it. Computational biology has been used to help sequence the human genome, create accurate models of the human brain, and assist in modeling biological systems.
The Audiopedia published via YouTube.com
Creative Commons License This video represents licensed content on YouTube, meaning that the content has been claimed by a YouTube content partner.
Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution
Computational
Genomes
Networks
Evolution
Prof. Manolis Kellis
Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy.
Concepts of Biology-1st Canadian Edition
Concepts of Biology
In this survey text, directed at those not majoring in biology, we dispel the assumption that a little learning is a dangerous thing. We hope that by skimming the surface of a very deep subject, biology, we may inspire you to drink more deeply and make more informed choices relating to your health, the environment, politics, and the greatest subject that are all of us are entwined in, life itself.
Charles Molnar
Jane Gair
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is perhaps the hottest topic in ecology textbooks and courses worldwide today. One very basic (core) objective of country park management is to conserve biodiversity.
The Open University of Hong Kong
Contemporary Biology
We’ll begin with a brief introduction to the two main types of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. We’ll then discuss stem cell potency. The second section “Stem cells in research and diseases management” will focus on the opportunities and roles of stem cells in diseases and medical research. Stem cells have a special position in contemporary biological sciences due to their unspecialized characteristics and continuous proliferation. We will focus in particular on the areas of diabetes and neuron regeneration.
Endocrine System and Influence on Behavior - Part 1
Created by Ryan Scott Patton. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-2?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/modern-ways-of-studying-the-brain?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions! About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content. For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1 Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
khanacademymedicine published via YouTube.com
Endocrine System and Influence on Behavior Part 2
Created by Ryan Scott Patton. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/egg-sperm-and-fertilization?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-1?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions! About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content. For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1 Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
Environmental
Environmental Biology enables students to develop a nuanced understanding of today’s most pressing environmental issues. This text helps students grasp the scientific foundation of these issues so that they can better understand the world around them and their impact upon it. This open textbook covers the most salient environmental issues, from a biological perspective. The text is designed for an introductory-level college science course. Topics include the fundamentals of ecology, biodiversity, pollution, climate change, food production, and human population growth.
Matthew R. Fisher
Environmental Biology is a free and open textbook that enables students to develop a nuanced understanding of today’s most pressing environmental issues. This text helps students grasp the scientific foundation of environmental topics so they can better understand the world around them and their impact upon it. This book is a collaboration between various authors and organizations that are committed to providing students with high quality and affordable textbooks. Particularly, this text draws from the following open sources, in addition to new content from the editor
Matthew Fisher
Open Oregon Educational Resources
Created by Vishal Punwani. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-reproductive-system-physiology/rn-reproductive-system/v/maternal-changes-in-pregnancy?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=Nclex-rn Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-reproductive-system-physiology/rn-reproductive-system/v/reproductive-cycle-graph-luteal-phase?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=Nclex-rn NCLEX-RN on Khan Academy: A collection of questions from content covered on the NCLEX-RN. These questions are available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/). About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content. For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything Subscribe to Khan Academy’s NCLEX-RN channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDx5cTeADCvKWgF9x_Qjz3g?sub_confirmation=1 Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
Standard YouTube License This video represents licensed content on YouTube, meaning that the content has been claimed by a YouTube content partner.
Open Educational Resource (OER) Unsyiah adalah satu satu Portal yang dikembangkan oleh Perpustakaan Universitas Syiah Kuala. OER Unsyiah berbasis Open Acces untuk siapa saja dan di mana saja. Bahkan Kami juga akan menerima kontribusi yang ingin ikut berpartisipasi dalam OER Unsyiah: http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/oer/contribution. Di sini, Kami menyediakan berbagai bentuk Course, seperti Textbook, Video, Audio, dan sebagainnya dengan berbagai bidang materi yang bervariasi. Namun, yang perlu diketahui bahwa OER Unsyiah berLisensi Creative Commons. Nah, bagi yang berkenan atau ingin mempelajari berbagai bidang materi mari kunjungi link UPT. Perpustakaan Unsyiah: http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/oer/ http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/ http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/oer/ https://www.facebook.com/groups/pustaka.unsyiah/ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvOxlI8WMHLUWuPTD80jNUw https://www.instagram.com/upt_perpustakaan_unsyiah/?hl=en
OER UNSYIAH published via YouTube.com
Creative Commons License
This volume focuses on microscopic plastic debris, also referred to as microplastics, which have been detected in aquatic environments around the globe and have accordingly raised serious concerns. The book explores whether microplastics represent emerging contaminants in freshwater systems, an area that remains underrepresented to date. Given the complexity of the issue, the book covers the current state-of-research on microplastics in rivers and lakes, including analytical aspects, environmental concentrations and sources, modelling approaches, interactions with biota, and ecological implications. To provide a broader perspective, the book also discusses lessons learned from nanomaterials and the implications of plastic debris for regulation, politics, economy, and society. In a research field that is rapidly evolving, it offers a solid overview for environmental chemists, engineers, and toxicologists, as well as water managers and policy-makers.
Springer Nature
The word biology means, "the science of life", from the Greek bios, life, and logos, word or knowledge. Therefore, Biology is the science of Living Things. That is why Biology is sometimes known as Life Science.
Paul Doerder
Ralph Gibson
General Biology : Bisoci 100 manual Laboratory
The purpose of creating this custom lab manual for BioSci 100 was to provide our students with a high quality, low cost learning resource. This project would not have been possible without the dedication and commitment of the faculty and staff in the Department of Biological Sciences and the Office of Distance and Accelerated Learning at College of the Canyons. I am especially grateful to the following individuals for their contributions to the development of the original lab activities and the lab manual chapters: Kelly Burke, Janet Cetrone, Jeannie Chari, Amy Foote, James Glapa- Grossklag, Miriam Golbert, Elizabeth Hernandez, Kim Jesu, Jenna King, Jenny Leadbetter, John Makevich, Patricia Medina, Carri Musser, Gregory Nishiyama, Patricia Palavecino, Christopher Shane Ramey, Kathy Sloan and Jim Wolf.
Dilek Sanver-Wang
https://www.canyons.edu
BI101 Course Description: Adaptations of BI101 vary in theme. BI101A is a survey course that introduces the discipline of cellular biology, exploring topics including the cellular basis of life, cell structure and function and the metabolic processes that affect cells. BI101 introduces students to biology as a scientific discipline and engages students in the process of scientific discovery. All BI101 courses are equivalent; only one can be used to fulfill degree requirements. BI101, BI102 and BI103 are non-sequential and can be taken in any order. Students considering majors in science or preprofessional health occupations are advised to eventually take BI211, B1212 and BI213.
Bartee, Lisa and Anderson, Christine
Open oregon
GENERAL BIOLOGY II: SURVEY OF MOLECULAR LIFE AND GENETICS
BIOLOGY
BI102A is a survey course that introduces the discipline of molecular biology and genetics, exploring topics including cell division, protein production, inheritance and gene regulation. This book focuses on putting those topics into an appropriate context for students who are not biology majors.
Bartee, Lisa and Christine Anderson
Open Oregon
Genetics
Genomics
The book contains the substance of the lectures and partly of the practices of the subject of ‘Genetics and Genomics’ held in Semmelweis University for medical, pharmacological and dental students. The book does not contain basic genetics and molecular biology, but rather topics from human genetics mainly from medical point of views. Some of the 15 chapters deal with medical genetics, but the chapters also introduce to the basic knowledge of cell division, cytogenetics, epigenetics, developmental genetics, stem cell biology, oncogenetics, immunogenetics, population genetics, evolution genetics, nutrigenetics, and to a relative new subject, the human genomics and its applications for the study of the genomic background of complex diseases, pharmacogenomics and for the investigation of the genome environmental interactions. As genomics belongs to sytems biology, a chapter introduces to basic terms of systems biology, and concentrating on diseases, some examples of the application and utilization of this scientific field are also be shown. The modern human genetics can also be associated with several ethical, social and legal issues. The last chapter of this book deals with these issues. At the end of each chapter there are questions, with which the readers can ascertain whether they understood and/or learned the chapter. Because it is an e-book, some terms and definitions has a hyperlink for more detailed explanations in the World Wide Web. Besides university students, the book is also recommended to all those who are interested in modern medical genetics and genomics and want to be up-to date in these subjects.
Genetics of human populations: evolutionary and epidemiological applications
Human
The present thesis deals with a deep analysis of the genetic structure of extant human worldwide populations, with a special focus on the Mediterranean. Different genetic markers, 18 Alu insertions and 367 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were analysed for the first time in general populations and Bedouins from Jordan. The same SNPs were also genotyped in a consistent set of samples from the Mediterranean Basin. Specifically, Alu markers were used to assess the genetic diversity within Jordan and to define the relationships across present-day Middle Eastern, North African, and European populations. While SNPs located in the top coronary artery disease (CAD) risk regions (1p13, 1q41, 9p21, and 10q11) were used to explore the genetic variation and the LD patterns across 19 populations from Europe, Middle East and North Africa, together with Asian and African samples from the 1000 Genomes Project. Furthermore, Tunisian and Moroccan case-control samples were used to test for the first time the applicability of European GWAS results in these four genomic regions to North African populations. Finally, simulated genomic data were used to evaluate the consistency of association results across European, Asian and Sub-Saharan African case-control samples. Neutral and CAD risk markers pointed out a low but significant geographic structure in the Mediterranean area. As a particular case in the Mediterranean context, Bedouins and general population from Jordan showed statistical differences (p=0.038). The genetic heterogeneity detected is likely related to the fact that urban areas have been subject to several external influences but Bedouins have preserved their own genetic background because of their nomadic and isolated lifestyle. The general patterns of genetic variation observed in the four CAD risk regions analysed are in agreement with the genetic structure generated by demographic processes. Despite this fact, the present work also identified potential signals of positive and balancing selection in some specific risk markers and haplotypes. Actually, potential signatures of positive selection in the 9p21 region and of balancing selection in 9p21 and 10q11 have been observed. The regions under positive or balancing selection are shared across continents but the specific markers under selection are, in some cases, continent-specific. Results from the association study in North Africa revealed significant association signals in the four genomic regions analysed in Moroccan and Tunisian samples confirming the trans-ethnic importance of these genomic regions for the risk of CAD. However, in the meta-analyses performed with the North African case-control samples, only the 9p21 and 10q11 regions showed association signals and none of the North African risk SNPs was associated with CAD in Europe. These arguments suggest the existence of continent-specific CAD risk variants in these chromosomal regions. Significant differences in the LD and in the haplotype patterns confirm the heterogeneity in the genomic structure between North Africans and Europeans. In addition, differences in the LD structure persist even across Europeans, North Africans, Asians, and Sub-Saharan Africans. Finally, the simulation study highlighted an overall consistency in effect direction across populations of different ancestry, specially between Europeans and Asians. Because simulations assumed no actual differences in genetic effect size between populations and because the rate of between-population effect size differences generated by our study was considerably lower than the rate reported from empirical studies using real data, our study supports the existence of real differences in the genetic risk architecture of complex traits between populations. In general, this study confirmed that a substantial fraction of association signals are shared across people of different ancestries. However, some discrepancies in the effect size across populations highlighted the importance of accounting for population structure in association studies.
Daniela Zanetti
Universitat de Barcelona
Montage edited from the lecture slides of the Human Biology Core Faculty, including Professors Bill Durham, Richard Klein, Katherine Preston, William Talbot, Bill Scheidel, Margaret Fuller, Anne Fernald, David Lyons, Roland Nusse, Laura Carstensen, Paul Fisher, Craig Heller, Joe Nation, and Laurence Baker
humbiomovies published via YouTube.com
This textbook has been created with several goals in mind: accessibility, customization, and student engagement—all while encouraging students toward high levels of academic scholarship. Students will find that this textbook offers a strong introduction to human biology in an accessible format.
Willy Cushwa
OpenStax CNX
Environmental Science
This course uses the basic principles of biology and earth science as a context for understanding environmental policies and resource management practices. Our planet is facing unprecedented environmental challenges, from oil spills to global climate change. In ENSC 1000, you will learn about the science behind these problems; preparing you to make an informed, invaluable contribution to Earth’s future. I hope that each of you is engaged by the material presented and participates fully in the search for, acquisition of, and sharing of information within our class.
Caralyn Zehnder
Kalina Manoylov
Samuel Mutiti
Christine Mutiti
Allison VandeVoort
University System of Georgia
Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation
Laboratory Exercises, Microbiology
The exercises in this laboratory manual are designed to engage students in hand-on activities that reinforce their understanding of the microbial world. Topics covered include: staining and microscopy, metabolic testing, physical and chemical control of microorganisms, and immunology. The target audience is primarily students preparing for a career in the health sciences, however many of the topics would be appropriate for a general microbiology course as well.
Susan McLaughlin, Joan Petersen
CUNY Academic Works
Biology in literature
Malaria parasites are highly species specific. No animal reservoir for human malaria parasites.Malaria: Plasmodium Species of Human Disease
Nirbhay Kumar, PhD
The Johns Hopkins University
Microbiology
This Microbiology textbook, adapted from the Boundless version, is intended to provide health care professionals with a working knowledge of infectious disease. Much of the book is devoted to the structure/function relationships in pathogenic microorganisms and how these relationships are expressed in host-parasite interactions. The text also examines Microbial diseases of specific organ systems as well as host response mechanisms.
Peggy O'Sullivan
Microbiology is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester Microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications of microbiology in healthcare professions. The pedagogical features of Microbiology make the material interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter.
OpenStax College
Welcome to the wonderful world of microbiology! Yay! So. What is microbiology? If we break the word down it translates to “the study of small life,” where the small life refers to microorganisms or microbes. But who are the microbes? And how small are they? Generally microbes can be divided into two categories: the cellular microbes (or organisms) and the acellular microbes (or agents). In the cellular camp we have the bacteria, the archaea, the fungi, and the protists (a bit of a grab bag composed of algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds). Cellular microbes can be either unicellular, where one cell is the entire organism, or multicellular, where hundreds, thousands or even billions of cells can make up the entire organism. In the acellular camp we have the viruses and other infectious agents, such as prions and viroids. In this textbook the focus will be on the bacteria and archaea (traditionally known as the “prokaryotes,”) and the viruses and other acellular agents.
Linda Bruslind
Open Oregon State
Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs
Nina Parker, at all
Microbiology, Laboratory
As a group of organisms that are too small to see and best known for being agents of disease and death, microbes are not always appreciated for the numerous supportive and positive contributions they make to the living world. Designed to support a course in microbiology, Microbiology: A Laboratory Experience permits a glimpse into both the good and the bad in the microscopic world. The laboratory experiences are designed to engage and support student interest in microbiology as a topic, field of study, and career. This text provides a series of laboratory exercises compatible with a one-semester undergraduate microbiology or bacteriology course with a three- or four-hour lab period that meets once or twice a week. The design of the lab manual conforms to the American Society for Microbiology curriculum guidelines and takes a ground-up approach — beginning with an introduction to biosafety and containment practices and how to work with biological hazards.
HOLLY AHERN
Open SUNY Textbooks
This is a brief overview of the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), also known as hybridoma technology. Design inspired by Salman Khan. Special thanks to Professor DeMasi @ MCPHS University. Davidson College's website on mAbs: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/molecular/MolStudents/01rakarnik/mab.html#Prep Diagram of mAb production from the National Academies Press: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9450&page=9 Software: SmoothDraw 4, CamStudio, and Premiere Pro CS6 Hardware: Bamboo CTH-460, Logitech microphone
John Nguyen published via YouTube.com
The Gene Ontology
The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks
This book is based on the collective knowledge of the GEO BON network of volunteers, working towards the establishment of a global, sustainable observation system for monitoring changes in biodiversity. As such, a great number of colleagues have contributed their time and energy towards the production of this handbook and huge thanks go to all of them. Chapter 6 acknowledges information obtained from the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the European Ocean Biogeographic Information System (EurOBIS) and Marine Regions, which are supported by data and infrastructure provided by VLIZ as part of the Flemish contribution to LifeWatch, and is funded by the Hercules Foundation. Also thanks to Chap. 6 team: Jan Mees, Francisco Hernandez and Pieter Provoost (IOC) for being very helpful in accessing data from OBIS.
Death (Biology)
Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two necessary criteria to sustain human and many other organisms' lives. It occurs when the heart stops beating in a regular rhythm, a condition called cardiac arrest. The term is also sometimes used in resuscitation research. Stopped blood circulation has historically proven irreversible in most cases. Prior to the invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, epinephrine injection, and other treatments in the 20th century, the absence of blood circulation (and vital functions related to blood circulation) was historically considered the official definition of death. With the advent of these strategies, cardiac arrest came to be called clinical death rather than simply death, to reflect the possibility of post-arrest resuscitation. At the onset of clinical death, consciousness is lost within several seconds. Measurable brain activity stops within 20 to 40 seconds. Irregular gasping may occur during this early time period, and is sometimes mistaken by rescuers as a sign that CPR is not necessary. During clinical death, all tissues and organs in the body steadily accumulate a type of injury called ischemic injury. Most tissues and organs of the body can survive clinical death for considerable periods. Blood circulation can be stopped in the entire body below the heart for at least 30 minutes, with injury to the spinal cord being a limiting factor. Detached limbs may be successfully reattached after 6 hours of no blood circulation at warm temperatures. Bone, tendon, and skin can survive as long as 8 to 12 hours. The brain, however, appears to accumulate ischemic injury faster than any other organ. Without special treatment after circulation is restarted, full recovery of the brain after more than 3 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature is rare. Usually brain damage or later brain death results after longer intervals of clinical death even if the heart is restarted and blood circulation is successfully restored. Brain injury is therefore the chief limiting factor for recovery from clinical death. Although loss of function is almost immediate, there is no specific duration of clinical death at which the non-functioning brain clearly dies. The most vulnerable cells in the brain, CA1 neurons of the hippocampus, are fatally injured by as little as 10 minutes without oxygen. However, the injured cells do not actually die until hours after resuscitation. This delayed death can be prevented in vitro by a simple drug treatment even after 20 minutes without oxygen. In other areas of the brain, viable human neurons have been recovered and grown in culture hours after clinical death. Brain failure after clinical death is now known to be due to a complex series of processes called reperfusion injury that occur after blood circulation has been restored, especially processes that interfere with blood circulation during the recovery period. Control of these processes is the subject of ongoing research. In 1990, the laboratory of resuscitation pioneer Peter Safar discovered that reducing body temperature by three degrees Celsius after restarting blood circulation could double the time window of recovery from clinical death without brain damage from 5 minutes to 10 minutes. This induced hypothermia technique is beginning to be used in emergency medicine. The combination of mildly reducing body temperature, reducing blood cell concentration, and increasing blood pressure after resuscitation was found especially effective—allowing for recovery of dogs after 12 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature with practically no brain injury. The addition of a drug treatment protocol has been reported to allow recovery of dogs after 16 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature with no lasting brain injury. Cooling treatment alone has permitted recovery after 17 minutes of clinical death at normal temperature, but with brain injury. Under laboratory conditions at normal body temperature, the longest period of clinical death of a cat (after complete circulatory arrest) survived with eventual return of brain function is one hour..... Input by Sofia Nelly
Robert Ahlfinger
James Gibbs
Ian Harrison
Melina Laverty
Eleanor Sterling
Rice University, Houston, Texas