Browse Items (263 total)

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This peer reviewed e-book is a must-read for nurses and other health professionals who strive to teach with creativity and excellence in clinical settings. Each chapter presents current evidence informed educational practice knowledge. Each topic is…

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Psychiatric medications can sometimes be very useful, but there is often little information or guidance when the risks and harm start to outweigh the benefits. Will Hall provides an introductory overview of how to come off psychiatric medication.…

bonemarrowpathology.pdf
In this book we have set out to provide a practical guide to bone marrow diagnosis, based on an integrated assessment of peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate films, trephine biopsy sections and various supplementary investigations. We believe…

Kansas State University Human Nutrition (FNDH 400) Flexbook.pdf
The CK-12 foundation defines a flexbook as a “free and open source textbook platform where
one can build and edit collaborative textbooks1
.” The FNDH 400 (formerly HN 400, department
changed its name from Human Nutrition to Food, Nutrition,…

Human Anatomy and Physiology Preparatory Course.pdf
The overall purpose of this preparatory course textbook is to help students familiarize with some terms and some basic concepts they will find later in the Human Anatomy and Physiology I course. The organization and functioning of the human organism…

UGA Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab Manual.pdf
The manual contains the following labs:

Introduction
Tissues
Integument
Introduction to the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton: Skull
Axial Skeleton: Vertebral
Appendicular Skeleton: Introduction and Pectoral Girdle

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This video shows the first stage of the production of a cast gold crown for a damaged tooth. The crown is made on the model (See Videos 2 and 3) using wax, which will be replaced by molten gold in the lost wax casting process. The technique of making…

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This video shows the second stage of the production of a cast gold crown for a damaged tooth. The wax template of the tooth is sprued using wax wire, then invested in a refractory investment material. The video shows the mould being heated to both…

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This video shows the final stage of the production of a cast gold crown for a damaged tooth. The gold casting is cooled and removed from the mould. Sand blasting, an acid bath and then a series of abrasive burs are used to trim and finish the casting…

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This is Dr. Greger's 2015 live presentation. Dr. Greger has scoured the world's scholarly literature on clinical nutrition and developed this new presentation based on the latest in cutting-edge research exploring the role diet may play in…

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The anatomy shown in this video is based off of the UBC MEDD 411 gross anatomy checklist.

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Dr. Rodrigo Vildosola explains his method for treating breast cancer using Keshe Plasma Technologies. He gives an example of how he used this with one of his patients with stunning results.
Warning: The video contains graphic images of a medical…

Medical Virology.pdf
Medical virology is always an interest to all healthcare disciplines, undergraduate and
postgraduate students. These “Notes on Medical virology”, includes “what you really need to know”. The book comes in a new format, which places cases,…

Health Case Studies.pdf
Health Case Studies is composed of eight separate health case studies. Each case study includes the patient narrative or story that models the best practice (at the time of publishing) in healthcare settings. Associated with each case is a set of…

Head and Neck Cancers.pdf
1. A variety of different malignancies fall into the category of “Head and. Neck Cancers”. This chapter focuses on upper aerodigestive tract cancer.
2. Tobacco and alcohol use and human papillomavirus infection are
common causes of head and…

Health and Safety in Canadian Workplaces.pdf
Workplace injuries happen every day and can profoundly affect workers, their families, and the communities they live in. This textbook provides workers with an introduction to effective injury prevention. The book pays particular attention to how…

fulltext.pdf
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare, slow-growing, cutaneous adenocarcinoma that usually originates in the anogenital area and axillae outside the mammary glands. EMPD mostly progresses slowly and is often diagnosed as carcinoma in situ;…

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This is the first lecture in the Bioinformatics for Cancer Genomics 2017 workshop hosted by the Canadian Bioinformatics Workshops. This lecture is by Trevor Pugh from the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre.
For tutorials and lecture slides for this…

CardioVascular.pdf
This sequence provides a comprehensive introduction to diseases of the cardiovascular system, how they present, how they are diagnosed, how they are prevented, and how they are treated. Students learn to identify the integral links between anatomy,…

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Home health services are those which are provided within the comforts of the home setting to help people avoid hospitalization or skilled nursing facility placement while they recover from illness, injury, or disability. Home health care may also be…

LITERATURE REVIEWS FOR EDUCATION AND NURSING GRADUATE STUDENTS.pdf
Literature Reviews for Education and Nursing Graduate Students is an open textbook designed for students in graduate-level nursing and education programs. Its intent is to recognize the significant role the literature review plays in the research…

CarronaryBlood.pdf
Myocardial Ischemia
Supply
Demand
Coronary Flow Reserve
Determinants of Coronary Blood Flow
Neural (autonomic) Mechanisms
Endothelial Factors (Mechanisms)
NOS, NO and ADMA

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This is the first lecture in the Bioinformatics of Genomic Medicine 2017 workshop hosted by the Canadian Bioinformatics Workshops. This lecture is by Michael Brudno from the Hospital for Sick Children.
For tutorials and lecture slides for this…

Cancer of the Esophagus.pdf
This chapter in Cancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist presents an overview of esophageal cancer, including etiology, epidemiology, screening, pathology, staging, and treatment.

Principles of Nutrition Textbook.pdf
As we get started on our journey into the world of health and nutrition, our first focus will be to
demonstrate that nutritional science is an evolving field of study, continually being updated and
supported by research, studies, and trials.

2.pdf
Welcome to Human Anatomy and Physiology, an OpenStax College resource. We created this textbook with several goals
in mind: accessibility, customization, and student engagement—helping students reach high levels of academic…

Diseases of Children in the Subtropics and Tropics.pdf
Paediatrics is often thought of as following two main routes. One is that of ultra-technology and ever-narrower specialization. The other is recognition of child health in a community context, related to family circumstances (especially the health…

1. Introduction to Human Osteology.pdf
Physical anthropologists study human biological variation in the past and present. They are not only interested in the physical aspect of the body but also how biology, culture and environment interact to produce variation. Part of this variation…

Malarial Subjects.pdf
Malaria was considered one of the most widespread disease-causing entities in the nineteenth century. It was associated with a variety of frailties far beyond fevers, ranging from idiocy to impotence. And yet, it was not a self-contained category.…

CREATIVE CLINICAL TEACHING IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS.pdf
This peer reviewed e-book is a must-read for nurses and other health professionals who strive to teach with creativity and excellence in clinical settings. Each chapter presents current evidence informed educational practice knowledge. Each topic is…

textbook-urogynaecology.pdf
The field of Urogynaecology has expanded dramatically over the past decade with the advent of a number of new medical and surgical treatment modalities. The evidence base on pelvic floor dysfunction has also grown extensively. This multi-contributor…

Nursing Care at the End of Life.pdf
Nursing Care at the End of Life: What Every Clinician Should Know should be an essential component of basic educational preparation for the professional registered nurse student. Recent studies show that only one in four nurses feel confident in…

15. AP Environmental Science.pdf
The earth's biogeochemical systems involve complex, dynamic processes that depend upon many factors. The three main factors upon which life on the earth depends.

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery MCQs - Local and General Anesthetics
Practice these MCQs for MDS entrance preparation in AIIMS, COMEDK, AIPG, PGI, BHU, etc. Also useful for ADA, NBDE, NDEB and other dental board exams. Please Share and Subscribe to…

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This video was created for the contest " anatomy by students, international contest"
Category 5. ENT, ophthalmology, General Practice

This video by Hershko Sarah is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International…

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Introduction to the anatomy of the heart, with explanation of the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

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UCI Psych 9B: Psych Fundamentals (Fall 2015)
Lec 01. Psych Fundamentals
View the complete course:
http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/psych_9bpsy_beh_11b_psychology_fundamentals.html
Instructor: Mark Steyvers, Ph.D.

License: Creative Commons CC-BY-SA
Terms…

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UCI Psych 9B: Psych Fundamentals (Fall 2015)
Lec 02. Psych Fundamentals
View the complete course:
http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/psych_9bpsy_beh_11b_psychology_fundamentals.html
Instructor: Mark Steyvers, Ph.D.

License: Creative Commons CC-BY-SA
Terms…

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MIT 5.07SC Biological Chemistry, Fall 2013
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/5-07SCF13
Instructor: John Essigmann

In this video, Professor Essigmann explores ketone bodies – what they are, how they are made, and how they are used in…

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Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational…

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Lifestyle approaches aren’t just safer and cheaper. They can work better, because you’re treating the actual cause of the disease.

Input by Sofia Nelly

Subscribe to Dr. Greger’s free nutrition newsletter at…

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Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. Hypotension is generally considered if systolic…

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In the past, before modern dentistry, people use to treat a tooth pain naturally because they had no other option.
Nowadays, modern medicine has its own solutions, but there still several natural toothache remedies that people use just to avoid the…

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A lecture on electrocardiograms by Dr. Kim Eagle, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 - Cardiovascular Sequence.

View the course…

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A lecture on chronic coronary artery disease by Dr. Kim Eagle, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 - Cardiovascular Sequence

View the course…

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A lecture on acute coronary syndromes by Dr. Kim Eagle, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 - Cardiovascular Sequence

View the course…

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A lecture on evaluating a patient with chest pain by Dr. Kim Eagle, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 - Cardiovascular Sequence

View the course…

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Includes a display of instruments necessary for caries removal, a discussion of the steps and criteria involved and demonstration of a complete removal of a carious lesion. Orig. air date: JAN 8 74

This is part of the Open.Michigan collection at:…

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Demonstrates on the skull and on a patient, various injection techniques. It also describes the basic dental chair position for injections. Orig. air date: NOV 8 74

This is part of the Open.Michigan collection at:
http://open.umich.edu/education

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Procedures for scaling and root planing the mandibular teeth.

This is part of the Open.Michigan collection at:
http://open.umich.edu/education

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This is part of the Open.Michigan collection at:
http://open.umich.edu/education

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A lecture on Hemoglobinopathies by Dr. David Ginsburg, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 - Patients and Populations Sequence. View the course…

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A lecture on Hemoglobinopathies by Dr. David Ginsburg, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 - Patients and Populations Sequence. View the course…

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Warning: Viewer discretion is advised, this medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers. This surgical video describes the etiology, diagnosis, and management of uncomplicated Bartholin duct cysts. The video provides specific…

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A lecture on Circulatory Derangements by Dr. Gerald Abrams, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sequence.

View the course…

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A lecture on Circulatory Derangements by Dr. Gerald Abrams, M.D. This lecture was taught as a part of the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sequence.

View the course…

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Created by Vishal Punwani.

Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/nclex-rn/rn-reproductive-system-physiology/rn-reproductive-system/v/basics-of-egg-development?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=Nclex-rn

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Created by Vishal Punwani.

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Created by Vishal Punwani.

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www.EmpoweRN.com

Hi Guys!
Thank you so much for watching this channel :)
Here is just a quick & simple nursing skill, that I really hope you enjoy!
I appreciate all of your comments, likes & shares so much!!
Really looking forward to growing…

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Video ini menjelaskan tentang G-protein coupled receptor (reseptor G-protein bergandengan) yang juga biasa dikenal dengan GPCRs.

G-protein coupled receptors hanya bisa ditemukan pada eukariot dan GPCRs adalah kelas yang terbesar dari semua reseptor…

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Pain Temperature

BY : UPT Perpustakaan Universitas Syiah Kuala
UKM Literasi Unsyiah

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What is Clinical Pharmacy

Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.

Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes the use of…

Care in Healthcare.pdf
This book examines the concept of care and care practices in healthcare from the interdisciplinary perspectives of continental philosophy, care ethics, the social sciences, and anthropology. Areas addressed include dementia care, midwifery, diabetes…

Field Trials of Health Interventions A Toolbox.pdf
Abstract

Before new interventions are released into disease control programmes, it is essential that they are carefully evaluated in `field trials'. These may be complex and expensive undertakings, requiring the follow-up of hundreds, or…

Interface Oral Health Science 2016.pdf
This volume broadens understanding of dentistry and promotes interdisciplinary research across a wide range of related fields, based on the symposium entitled "Innovative Research for Biosis–Abiosis Intelligent Interface 2016". It aims to create…

Public Helath Ethics Cases Spanning The Globe.pdf
This Open Access book highlights the ethical issues and dilemmas that arise in the practice of public health. It is also a tool to support instruction, debate, and dialogue regarding public health ethics. Although the practice of public health has…

UGA Anatomy and Physiology 2 Lab Manual.pdf
The manual contains the following labs:

Blood Composition
Blood Typing
Heart Anatomy
Cardiovascular Physiology
Systemic Blood Vessels
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Physiology of the Respiratory System

lung_PD_PearsonScottForesman.png
The job of the respiratory system is to take oxygen from the air we breathe and get it to different parts of the body. Our bodies and the cells in them need oxygen (written with the chemical symbol O2) to live. Our cells give off carbon dioxide…

Human Anatomy_Circulatory System.jpg
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood, and a huge network of blood vessels that carry blood all over the body. The job of the circulatory system is to deliver oxygen to cells all over the body and then to carry out waste product like…

digesive_sys_PD_PearsonScottForesman.jpg
Our bodies need food to live and grow. The digestive system takes food and carries it to all the parts of the body.

The beginning of the digestive system is the mouth and teeth. Food that we eat has to be broken down into nutrients that cells in…

excretory_pd_PearsonScottForesman.png
After food goes through the digestive system, the parts that are not digested need to be gotten rid of. That is the job of the excretory system.

Unabsorbed food goes to the large intestine. The liver also filters out solid particles of waste from…

Human Anatomy.jpg
The human skeleton provides shape and form to the human body
Our vital organs in our body are protected by our skeleton. More specifically our brain which is protected by what is called the skull and our heart and lungs are protected by our rib…

Human Anatomy5.jpg
Cardio Exercises Below
1) Jog. You can do this outside on a treadmill or however you like.
2) Jump Rope routine 1
3) 10 Minute Jump Rope routine
4) Exercise Bikes
5) Sports Playing

Human Anatomy6.jpg
Dual System of the Human Blood Circulation. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is pumped into the pulmonary circuit. The blood in the pulmonary artery branches is low in oxygen but relatively high in carbon dioxide.…

914_Shoulder_Joint.jpg
The shoulder joint is called the glenohumeral joint. This is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula ([link]). This joint has the largest range of motion of any joint in…

101_Levels_of_Org_in_Body.jpg
Before you begin to study the different structures and functions of the human body, it is helpful to consider its basic architecture; that is, how its smallest parts are assembled into larger structures. It is convenient to consider the structures of…

106_Pregnancy-Positive_Feedback.jpg
Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback loop. A positive feedback loop results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis.

110_Dorsal_Ventral_Body_Cavities.jpg
The posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) cavities are each subdivided into smaller cavities. In the posterior (dorsal) cavity, the cranial cavity houses the brain, and the spinal cavity (or vertebral cavity) encloses the spinal cord. Just as the…

111_Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg
The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and two vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle…

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A serous membrane (also referred to a serosa) is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity…

X-Ray of a Hand.jpg
High energy electromagnetic radiation allows the internal structures of the body, such as bones, to be seen in X-rays like these

Medical Imaging Techniques.jpg
(a) The results of a CT scan of the head are shown as successive transverse sections. (b) An MRI machine generates a magnetic field around a patient. (c) PET scans use radiopharmaceuticals to create images of active blood flow and physiologic…

Elements of the Human Body.jpg
The main elements that compose the human body are shown from most abundant to least abundant.

Adenosine Triphosphate.jpg
The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is composed of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and three phosphate groups ([link]). ATP is classified as a high energy compound because the two covalent bonds linking its three phosphates store a…

Fluorescence-stained Cell Undergoing Mitosis.jpg
A lung cell from a newt, commonly studied for its similarity to human lung cells, is stained with fluorescent dyes. The green stain reveals mitotic spindles, red is the cell membrane and part of the cytoplasm, and the structures that appear light…

Cell Membrane.jpg
The cell membrane of the cell is a phospholipid bilayer containing many different molecular components, including proteins and cholesterol, some with carbohydrate groups attached.

Simple Diffusion across the Cell (Plasma) Membrane.jpg
The structure of the lipid bilayer allows small, uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, to pass through the cell membrane, down their concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.

Facilitated Diffusion.jpg
(a) Facilitated diffusion of substances crossing the cell (plasma) membrane takes place with the help of proteins such as channel proteins and carrier proteins. Channel proteins are less selective than carrier proteins, and usually mildly…

Sodium-Potassium Pump.jpg
The sodium-potassium pump is found in many cell (plasma) membranes. Powered by ATP, the pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, each against its concentration gradient. In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are…

Three Forms of Endocytosis.jpg
Endocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell envelopes extracellular materials using its cell membrane. (a) In phagocytosis, which is relatively nonselective, the cell takes in a large particle. (b) In pinocytosis, the cell takes in…

Exocytosis.jpg
Exocytosis is much like endocytosis in reverse. Material destined for export is packaged into a vesicle inside the cell. The membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the contents are released into the extracellular space.

Fatty Acid Shapes.jpg
The level of saturation of a fatty acid affects its shape. (a) Saturated fatty acid chains are straight. (b) Unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked.

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Prototypical Human Cell.jpg
While this image is not indicative of any one particular human cell, it is a prototypical example of a cell containing the primary organelles and internal structures.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).jpg
(a) The ER is a winding network of thin membranous sacs found in close association with the cell nucleus. The smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula are very different in appearance and function (source: mouse tissue). (b) Rough ER is studded with…

Golgi Apparatus.jpg
(a) The Golgi apparatus manipulates products from the rough ER, and also produces new organelles called lysosomes. Proteins and other products of the ER are sent to the Golgi apparatus, which organizes, modifies, packages, and tags them. Some of…

Mitochondrion.jpg
The mitochondria are the energy-conversion factories of the cell. (a) A mitochondrion is composed of two separate lipid bilayer membranes. Along the inner membrane are various molecules that work together to produce ATP, the cell’s major energy…

The Three Components of the Cytoskeleton.jpg
The cytoskeleton consists of (a) microtubules, (b) microfilaments, and (c) intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton plays an important role in maintaining cell shape and structure, promoting cellular movement, and aiding cell division.

The Nucleus.jpg
The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus of living cells contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell.

Multinucleate Muscle Cell.jpg
Unlike cardiac muscle cells and smooth muscle cells, which have a single nucleus, a skeletal muscle cell contains many nuclei, and is referred to as “multinucleated.” These muscle cells are long and fibrous (often referred to as muscle fibers).…

DNA Macrostructure.jpg
Strands of DNA are wrapped around supporting histones. These proteins are increasingly bundled and condensed into chromatin, which is packed tightly into chromosomes when the cell is ready to divide.

Molecular Structure of DNA.jpg
The DNA double helix is composed of two complementary strands. The strands are bonded together via their nitrogenous base pairs using hydrogen bonds.

DNA Replication.jpg
DNA replication faithfully duplicates the entire genome of the cell. During DNA replication, a number of different enzymes work together to pull apart the two strands so each strand can be used as a template to synthesize new complementary strands.…

The Genetic Code.jpg
DNA holds all of the genetic information necessary to build a cell’s proteins. The nucleotide sequence of a gene is ultimately translated into an amino acid sequence of the gene’s corresponding protein.

Transcription from DNA to mRNA.jpg
In the first of the two stages of making protein from DNA, a gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule.

Splicing DNA.jpg
In the nucleus, a structure called a spliceosome cuts out introns (noncoding regions) within a pre-mRNA transcript and reconnects the exons.

Translation from RNA to Protein.jpg
During translation, the mRNA transcript is “read” by a functional complex consisting of the ribosome and tRNA molecules. tRNAs bring the appropriate amino acids in sequence to the growing polypeptide chain by matching their anti-codons with…

From DNA to Protein Transcription through Translation.jpg
Transcription within the cell nucleus produces an mRNA molecule, which is modified and then sent into the cytoplasm for translation. The transcript is decoded into a protein with the help of a ribosome and tRNA molecules.

A Homologous Pair of Chromosomes with their Attached Sister Chromatids.jpg
The red and blue colors correspond to a homologous pair of chromosomes. Each member of the pair was separately inherited from one parent. Each chromosome in the homologous pair is also bound to an identical sister chromatid, which is produced by DNA…

Cell Division Mitosis.jpg
The stages of cell division oversee the separation of identical genetic material into two new nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm.

Hematopoiesis.jpg
The process of hematopoiesis involves the differentiation of multipotent cells into blood and immune cells. The multipotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to many different cell types, including the cells of the immune system and red blood cells.

Stem Cells.png
The capacity of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cells make them potentially valuable in therapeutic applications designed to replace damaged cells of different body tissues.

Micrograph of Cervical Tissue.jpg
This figure is a view of the regular architecture of normal tissue contrasted with the irregular arrangement of cancerous cells.

Four Types of Tissue Body.jpg
The four types of tissues are exemplified in nervous tissue, stratified squamous epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and connective tissue in small intestine. Clockwise from nervous tissue

Embryonic Origin of Tissues.jpg
The zygote, or fertilized egg, is a single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm. After fertilization the zygote gives rise to rapid mitotic cycles, generating many cells to form the embryo. The first embryonic cells generated have the…

Tissue Membranes.jpg
The two broad categories of tissue membranes in the body are (1) connective tissue membranes, which include synovial membranes, and (2) epithelial membranes, which include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane, in other…

Types of Cell Junctions.jpg
The three basic types of cell-to-cell junctions are tight junctions, gap junctions, and anchoring junctions.

Cells of Epithelial Tissue.jpg
Simple epithelial tissue is organized as a single layer of cells and stratified epithelial tissue is formed by several layers of cells.

Goblet Cell.jpg
(a) In the lining of the small intestine, columnar epithelium cells are interspersed with goblet cells. (b) The arrows in this micrograph point to the mucous-secreting goblet cells.

Summary of Epithelial Tissue Cells.jpg
A stratified epithelium consists of several stacked layers of cells. This epithelium protects against physical and chemical wear and tear. The stratified epithelium is named by the shape of the most apical layer of cells, closest to the free space.…

Types of Exocrine Glands.jpg
Exocrine glands are classified by their structure.

Modes of Glandular Secretion.jpg
(a) In merocrine secretion, the cell remains intact. (b) In apocrine secretion, the apical portion of the cell is released, as well. (c) In holocrine secretion, the cell is destroyed as it releases its product and the cell itself becomes part of the…

Sebaceous Glands.jpg
These glands secrete oils that lubricate and protect the skin. They are holocrine glands and they are destroyed after releasing their contents. New glandular cells form to replace the cells that are lost

Connective Tissue Proper.jpg
Fibroblasts produce this fibrous tissue. Connective tissue proper includes the fixed cells fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells.

Adipose Tissue.jpg
This is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and provides insulation.

Reticular Tissue.jpg
This is a loose connective tissue made up of a network of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs.

Dense Connective Tissue.jpg
(a) Dense regular connective tissue consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles. (b) Dense irregular connective tissue consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network. From top,

Types of Cartilage.jpg
Cartilage is a connective tissue consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in a firm matrix of chondroitin sulfates. (a) Hyaline cartilage provides support with some flexibility. The example is from dog tissue. (b) Fibrocartilage provides some…

The Neuron.jpg
The cell body of a neuron, also called the soma, contains the nucleus and mitochondria. The dendrites transfer the nerve impulse to the soma. The axon carries the action potential away to another excitable cell.

Nervous Tissue.jpg
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia. The cells of nervous tissue are specialized to transmit and receive impulses

Layers of Skin.jpg
The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the…

Layers of the Epidermis.jpg
The epidermis of thick skin has five layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Cells of the Epidermis.jpg
The cells in the different layers of the epidermis originate from basal cells located in the stratum basale, yet the cells of each layer are distinctively different.

Layers of the Dermis.jpg
This stained slide shows the two components of the dermis—the papillary layer and the reticular layer. Both are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat…

Skin Pigmentation.jpg
The relative coloration of the skin depends of the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale and taken up by keratinocytes.

Moles.jpg
Moles range from benign accumulations of melanocytes to melanomas. These structures populate the landscape of our skin.

Vitiligo.jpg
Individuals with vitiligo experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin. The condition is especially noticeable on darker skin.

Hair.jpg
Hair follicles originate in the epidermis and have many different parts.

Nails.jpg
The nail is an accessory structure of the integumentary system.

Eccrine Gland.jpg
Eccrine glands are coiled glands in the dermis that release sweat that is mostly water.

Thermoregulation.jpg
During strenuous physical activities, such as skiing (a) or running (c), the dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat secretion increases (b). These mechanisms prevent the body from overheating. In contrast, the dermal blood vessels constrict to…

Acne.jpg
Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of the skin.

Bones Protect Brain.jpg
The cranium completely surrounds and protects the brain from non-traumatic injury.

Classifications of Bones.jpg
Bones are classified according to their shape.

Anatomy of a Long Bone.jpg
A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone.

Periosteum and Endosteum.jpg
The periosteum forms the outer surface of bone, and the endosteum lines the medullary cavity.

Anatomy of a Flat Bone.jpg
This cross-section of a flat bone shows the spongy bone (diploë) lined on either side by a layer of compact bone.

Bone Features.jpg
The surface features of bones depend on their function, location, attachment of ligaments and tendons, or the penetration of blood vessels and nerves.

Bone Cells.jpg
Four types of cells are found within bone tissue. Osteogenic cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts. When osteoblasts get trapped within the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes, and they become osteocytes.…

Diagram of Compact Bone.jpg
(a) This cross-sectional view of compact bone shows the basic structural unit, the osteon. (b) In this micrograph of the osteon, you can clearly see the concentric lamellae and central canals.

Diagram of Spongy Bone.jpg
Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae that contain the osteocytes. Red marrow fills the spaces in some bones.

Paget's Disease.png
Normal leg bones are relatively straight, but those affected by Paget’s disease are porous and curved.

Diagram of Blood and Nerve Supply to Bone.jpg
Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the nutrient foramen.

Intramembranous Ossification.jpg
Intramembranous ossification follows four steps. (a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters, and ossification centers form. (b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes. (c) Trabecular matrix and periosteum form. (d) Compact…

Endochondral Ossification.jpg
Endochondral ossification follows five steps. (a) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. (b) The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form. (c) Capillaries penetrate cartilage. Perichondrium transforms into…

Longitudinal Bone Growth.jpg
The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

Progression from Epiphyseal Plate to Epiphyseal Line.jpg
As a bone matures, the epiphyseal plate progresses to an epiphyseal line. (a) Epiphyseal plates are visible in a growing bone. (b) Epiphyseal lines are the remnants of epiphyseal plates in a mature bone.

Types of Fractures.jpg
Compare healthy bone with different types of fractures: (a) closed fracture, (b) open fracture, (c) transverse fracture, (d) spiral fracture, (e) comminuted fracture, (f) impacted fracture, (g) greenstick fracture, and (h) oblique fracture.

Stages in Fracture Repair.jpg
The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps: (a) A fracture hematoma forms. (b) Internal and external calli form. (c) Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone. (d) Remodeling occurs.

Synthesis of Vitamin D.jpg
Sunlight is one source of vitamin D.

Graph Showing Relationship Between Age and Bone Mass.jpg
Bone density peaks at about 30 years of age. Women lose bone mass more rapidly than men.

Pathways in Calcium Homeostasis.jpg
The body regulates calcium homeostasis with two pathways; one is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels drop below normal and one is the pathway that is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels are elevated.

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton.jpg
The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. The…

Parts of the Skull.jpg
The skull consists of the rounded brain case that houses the brain and the facial bones that form the upper and lower jaws, nose, orbits, and other facial structures.

Anterior View of Skull.jpg
An anterior view of the skull shows the bones that form the forehead, orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, nasal septum, and upper and lower jaws.

Lateral View of Skull.jpg
The lateral skull shows the large rounded brain case, zygomatic arch, and the upper and lower jaws. The zygomatic arch is formed jointly by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. The shallow space…

Cranial Fossae.jpg
The bones of the brain case surround and protect the brain, which occupies the cranial cavity. The base of the brain case, which forms the floor of cranial cavity, is subdivided into the shallow anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa, and…

Temporal Bone.jpg
A lateral view of the isolated temporal bone shows the squamous, mastoid, and zygomatic portions of the temporal bone.

External and Internal Views of Base of Skull.jpg
(a) The hard palate is formed anteriorly by the palatine processes of the maxilla bones and posteriorly by the horizontal plate of the palatine bones. (b) The complex floor of the cranial cavity is formed by the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal,…

Posterior View of Skull.jpg
This view of the posterior skull shows attachment sites for muscles and joints that support the skull.

Sphenoid Bone.jpg
Shown in isolation in (a) superior and (b) posterior views, the sphenoid bone is a single midline bone that forms the anterior walls and floor of the middle cranial fossa. It has a pair of lesser wings and a pair of greater wings. The sella turcica…

Sagittal Section of Skull.jpg
This midline view of the sagittally sectioned skull shows the nasal septum.

Ethmoid Bone.jpg
The unpaired ethmoid bone is located at the midline within the central skull. It has an upward projection, the crista galli, and a downward projection, the perpendicular plate, which forms the upper nasal septum. The cribriform plates form both the…

Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity.jpg
The three nasal conchae are curved bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. The superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha are parts of the ethmoid bone. The inferior nasal concha is an independent bone of the sku

Maxillary Bone.jpg
The maxillary bone forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth. Each maxilla also forms the lateral floor of each orbit and the majority of the hard palate.

Isolated Mandible.jpg
The mandible is the only moveable bone of the skull.

Bones of the Orbit.jpg
Seven skull bones contribute to the walls of the orbit. Opening into the posterior orbit from the cranial cavity are the optic canal and superior orbital fissure.

Nasal Septum.jpg
The nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone. The septal cartilage fills the gap between these bones and extends into the nose.

Paranasal Sinuses.jpg
The paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces named for the skull bone that each occupies. The most anterior is the frontal sinus, located in the frontal bone above the eyebrows. The largest are the maxillary sinuses, located in the right and…

Hyoid Bone.jpg
The hyoid bone is located in the upper neck and does not join with any other bone. It provides attachments for muscles that act on the tongue, larynx, and pharynx.

Vertebral Column.jpg
The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae. The vertebral column is curved, with…

Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column.jpg
(a) Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column. (b) An excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column is called kyphosis. (c) Lordosis is an excessive curvature in the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

Osteoporosis.jpg
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder that causes the gradual loss of bone density and strength. When the thoracic vertebrae are affected, there can be a gradual collapse of the vertebrae. This results in kyphosis, an excessive curvature of the…

Parts of a Typical Vertebra.jpg
A typical vertebra consists of a body and a vertebral arch. The arch is formed by the paired pedicles and paired laminae. Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. The vertebral…

Intervertebral Disc.jpg
The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated and united by an intervertebral disc, which provides padding and allows for movements between adjacent vertebrae. The disc consists of a fibrous outer layer called the anulus fibrosus and a gel-like…

Cervical Vertebrae.jpg
A typical cervical vertebra has a small body, a bifid spinous process, transverse processes that have a transverse foramen and are curved for spinal nerve passage. The atlas (C1 vertebra) does not have a body or spinous process. It consists of an…

Thoracic Vertebrae.jpg
A typical thoracic vertebra is distinguished by the spinous process, which is long and projects downward to overlap the next inferior vertebra. It also has articulation sites (facets) on the vertebral body and a transverse process for rib attachment.

Lumbar Vertebrae.jpg
Lumbar vertebrae are characterized by having a large, thick body and a short, rounded spinous process.

Sacrum and Coccyx.jpg
The sacrum is formed from the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, whose lines of fusion are indicated by the transverse ridges. The fused spinous processes form the median sacral crest, while the lateral sacral crest arises from the fused transverse…

Herniated Intervertebral Disc.jpg
Weakening of the anulus fibrosus can result in herniation (protrusion) of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve, resulting in pain and/or muscle weakness in the body regions supplied by that nerve.

Ligaments of Vertebral Column.jpg
The anterior longitudinal ligament runs the length of the vertebral column, uniting the anterior sides of the vertebral bodies. The supraspinous ligament connects the spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. In the posterior neck, the…

Rib Articulation in Thoracic Vertebrae.jpg
Thoracic vertebrae have superior and inferior articular facets on the vertebral body for articulation with the head of a rib, and a transverse process facet for articulation with the rib tubercle.

Thoracic Cage.jpg
The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs are…

Newborn Skull.jpg
The bones of the newborn skull are not fully ossified and are separated by large areas called fontanelles, which are filled with fibrous connective tissue. The fontanelles allow for continued growth of the skull after birth. At the time of birth, the…

Pectoral Girdle.jpg
The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula, which serve to attach the upper limb to the sternum of the axial skeleton.

Scapula.jpg
The isolated scapula is shown here from its anterior (deep) side and its posterior (superficial) side.

Humerus and Elbow Joint.jpg
The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. It articulates with the radius and ulna bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint.

Ulna and Radius.jpg
The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is on the lateral side. These bones are attached to each other by an interosseous membrane.

Bones of the Wrist and Hand.jpg
The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones.

Bones of the Hand.jpg
This radiograph shows the position of the bones within the hand. Note the carpal bones that form the base of the hand

Carpal Tunnel.jpg
The carpal tunnel is the passageway by which nine muscle tendons and a major nerve enter the hand from the anterior forearm. The walls and floor of the carpal tunnel are formed by the U-shaped grouping of the carpal bones, and the roof is formed by…

Hand During Gripping.jpg
During tight gripping—compare (b) to (a)—the fourth and, particularly, the fifth metatarsal bones are pulled anteriorly. This increases the contact between the object and the medial side of the hand, thus improving the firmness of the grip.

Fractures of the Humerus and Radius.jpg
Falls or direct blows can result in fractures of the surgical neck or shaft of the humerus. Falls onto the elbow can fracture the distal humerus. A Colles fracture of the distal radius is the most common forearm fracture.

Pelvis.jpg
The pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone. The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton through its articulation with the sacrum. The right and left hip bones, plus the sacrum and the coccyx, together form the pelvis.

The Hip Bone.jpg
The adult hip bone consists of three regions. The ilium forms the large, fan-shaped superior portion, the ischium forms the posteroinferior portion, and the pubis forms the anteromedial portion.

Ligaments of the Pelvis.jpg
The posterior sacroiliac ligament supports the sacroiliac joint. The sacrospinous ligament spans the sacrum to the ischial spine, and the sacrotuberous ligament spans the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity. The sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments…

Male and Female Pelvis.jpg
The female pelvis is adapted for childbirth and is broader, with a larger subpubic angle, a rounder pelvic brim, and a wider and more shallow lesser pelvic cavity than the male pelvis.

Femur and Patella.jpg
The femur is the single bone of the thigh region. It articulates superiorly with the hip bone at the hip joint, and inferiorly with the tibia at the knee joint. The patella only articulates with the distal end of the femur.

The Q-Angle.jpg
The Q-angle is a measure of the amount of lateral deviation of the femur from the vertical line of the tibia. Adult females have a larger Q-angle due to their wider pelvis than adult males.

Tibia and Fibula.jpg
The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg. The fibula is the slender bone of the lateral side of the leg and does not bear weight.

Bones of the Foot.jpg
The bones of the foot are divided into three groups. The posterior foot is formed by the seven tarsal bones. The mid-foot has the five metatarsal bones. The toes contain the phalanges.

Embryo at Seven Weeks.jpg
Limb buds are visible in an embryo at the end of the seventh week of development (embryo derived from an ectopic pregnancy)

Clubfoot.jpg
Clubfoot
This photograph shows a baby with a clubfoot.Clubfoot is a common deformity of the ankle and foot that is present at birth. Most cases are corrected without surgery, and affected individuals will grow up to lead normal, active lives.…

Suture Joints of Skull.jpg
The suture joints of the skull are an example of a synarthrosis, an immobile or essentially immobile joint.

Multiaxial Joint.jpg
A multiaxial joint, such as the hip joint, allows for three types of movement: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and rotational.

Fibrous Joints.jpg
Fibrous joints form strong connections between bones. (a) Sutures join most bones of the skull. (b) An interosseous membrane forms a syndesmosis between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. (c) A gomphosis is a specialized fibrous joint that…

The Newborn Skull.jpg
The fontanelles of a newborn’s skull are broad areas of fibrous connective tissue that form fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.

Synovial Joints.jpg
Synovial joints allow for smooth movements between the adjacent bones. The joint is surrounded by an articular capsule that defines a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid. The articulating surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of…

Bursae.jpg
Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that serve to prevent friction between skin, muscle, or tendon and an underlying bone. Three major bursae and a fat pad are part of the complex joint that unites the femur and tibia of the leg.

Types of Synovial Joints.jpg
The six types of synovial joints allow the body to move in a variety of ways. (a) Pivot joints allow for rotation around an axis, such as between the first and second cervical vertebrae, which allows for side-to-side rotation of the head. (b) The…

Osteoarthritis.jpg
Osteoarthritis of a synovial joint results from aging or prolonged joint wear and tear. These cause erosion and loss of the articular cartilage covering the surfaces of the bones, resulting in inflammation that causes joint stiffness and pain.

Movements of the Body, Part 1.jpg
Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a)–(b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,…

Movements of the Body, Part 2.jpg
(g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an "X." (h)…

Atlantoaxial Joint.jpg
The atlantoaxial joint is a pivot type of joint between the dens portion of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the anterior arch of the atlas (C1 vertebra), with the dens held in place by a ligament.

Temporomandibular Joint.jpg
The temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the temporal bone of the skull and the condyle of the mandible, with an articular disc located between these bones. During depression of the mandible (opening of the mouth), the mandibular…

Glenohumeral Joint.jpg
The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is a ball-and-socket joint that provides the widest range of motions. It has a loose articular capsule and is supported by ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles.

Elbow Joint.jpg
(a) The elbow is a hinge joint that allows only for flexion and extension of the forearm. (b) It is supported by the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments. (c) The annular ligament supports the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, the…

Hip Joint.jpg
(a) The ball-and-socket joint of the hip is a multiaxial joint that provides both stability and a wide range of motion. (b–c) When standing, the supporting ligaments are tight, pulling the head of the femur into the acetabulum.

Knee Joint.jpg
(a) The knee joint is the largest joint of the body. (b)–(c) It is supported by the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments located on the sides of the knee outside of the articular capsule, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments found…

Knee Injury.jpg
A strong blow to the lateral side of the extended knee will cause three injuries, in sequence: tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Ankle Joint.jpg
The talocrural (ankle) joint is a uniaxial hinge joint that only allows for dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the foot. Movements at the subtalar joint, between the talus and calcaneus bones, combined with motions at other intertarsal joints,…

The Three Types of Muscle Tissue.jpg
The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle.

The Three Connective Tissue Layers.jpg
Bundles of muscle fibers, called fascicles, are covered by the perimysium. Muscle fibers are covered by the endomysium.

Muscle Fiber.jpg
A skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma, which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells. A muscle fiber is composed of many fibrils, which give the cell its striated appearance.

The Sarcomere.jpg
The sarcomere, the region from one Z-line to the next Z-line, is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber.

Motor End-Plate and Innervation.jpg
At the NMJ, the axon terminal releases ACh. The motor end-plate is the location of the ACh-receptors in the muscle fiber sarcolemma. When ACh molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the synaptic cleft and bind to the…

The T-tubule.jpg
Narrow T-tubules permit the conduction of electrical impulses. The SR functions to regulate intracellular levels of calcium. Two terminal cisternae (where enlarged SR connects to the T-tubule) and one T-tubule comprise a triad—a “threesome” of…

Contraction of a Muscle Fiber.jpg
A cross-bridge forms between actin and the myosin heads triggering contraction. As long as Ca++ ions remain in the sarcoplasm to bind to troponin, and as long as ATP is available, the muscle fiber will continue to shorten.

Relaxation of a Muscle Fiber.jpg
Ca++ ions are pumped back into the SR, which causes the tropomyosin to reshield the binding sites on the actin strands. A muscle may also stop contracting when it runs out of ATP and becomes fatigued.

The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction.jpg
When a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together, and the I band becomes smaller. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap completely.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction.jpg
(a) The active site on actin is exposed as calcium binds to troponin. (b) The myosin head is attracted to actin, and myosin binds actin at its actin-binding site, forming the cross-bridge. (c) During the power stroke, the phosphate generated in the…

Muscle Metabolism.jpg
(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can…

Types of Muscle Contractions.jpg
During isotonic contractions, muscle length changes to move a load. During isometric contractions, muscle length does not change because the load exceeds the tension the muscle can generate.

Atrophy.png
Muscle mass is reduced as muscles atrophy with disuse.

Cardiac Muscle.jpg
Intercalated discs are part of the cardiac muscle sarcolemma and they contain gap junctions and desmosomes.

Smooth Muscle Tissue.jpg
Smooth muscle tissue is found around organs in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts and the iris of the eye.

Muscle Contraction.jpg
The dense bodies and intermediate filaments are networked through the sarcoplasm, which cause the muscle fiber to contract.

Motor Units.jpg
A series of axon-like swelling, called varicosities or “boutons,” from autonomic neurons form motor units through the smooth muscle.

Prime Movers and Synergists.jpg
The biceps brachii flex the lower arm. The brachoradialis, in the forearm, and brachialis, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion.

Muscle Shapes and Fiber Alignment.jpg
The skeletal muscles of the body typically come in seven different general shapes.

Overview of the Muscular System.jpg
On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left half of the body.…

Muscles of Facial Expression.jpg
Many of the muscles of facial expression insert into the skin surrounding the eyelids, nose and mouth, producing facial expressions by moving the skin rather than bones.

The Nose and its Adjacent Structures.jpg
Several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity have air-containing spaces called the paranasal sinuses, which serve to warm and humidify incoming air. Sinuses are lined with a mucosa. Each paranasal sinus is named for its associated bone:…

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In this video, I demonstrate the surgeon's knot and the square knot and give some general beginner tips on how to suture.

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This is a tutorial/lecture on Drug Formulations. We cover some topics important for classes such as Biochemistry and Pharmacology.




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In this video , we have discussed about PHARMACOKINETICS OF DRUGS - ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION (ADME) IN BRIEF. Watch the video till the end to get complete information regarding pharmacokinetics of drugs.
Topic discussed in the…
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